Coffee markets are drifting lower, weighed down by mounting expectations of a very large crop in Brazil, even as supply-side tensions prevent sharper declines.
Arabica futures have slipped to their weakest levels in several weeks, reflecting growing confidence among analysts that Brazil’s next harvest could reach record territory. Forecasts from firms such as Marex Group, Sucafina, and StoneX all point toward a historically large 2026/27 crop clustered in the mid-70 million bag range. If realized, that would mark a significant year-on-year increase and help expand the global coffee surplus.
The supply outlook is also being shaped by developments in Vietnam, the world’s leading robusta producer. Export volumes have surged, with early-year shipments showing strong annual growth. Production is likewise expected to rise, potentially reaching a multi-year high, adding further pressure on prices.
Yet the market narrative is not entirely bearish. Tight inventories are offering some support, particularly for robusta, where exchange-monitored stockpiles have dropped to their lowest level in over a year, highlighting ongoing short-term supply constraints.
Geopolitical tensions are adding another layer of complexity. Disruptions linked to the Strait of Hormuz have pushed up freight and insurance costs, complicating global trade flows and increasing expenses for coffee importers and roasters.
Meanwhile, export data from Cecafé and Brazil’s trade authorities show a decline in March shipments compared to last year, lending some support to prices. Weather concerns also persist in key regions such as Minas Gerais, where below-average rainfall could still impact yields.
Global institutions, including the International Coffee Organization and the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, continue to point to a nuanced outlook: overall production may rise, but with diverging trends between arabica and robusta, and tightening stock levels.
Taken together, the coffee market is navigating a delicate balance between expectations of abundant future supply and the realities of present-day constraints.
Coffee futures moved higher on Friday, supported by currency strength and supply dynamics. May arabica coffee (KCK26) rose by +6.40 points (+2.18%), while May ICE robusta coffee (RMK26) gained +14 points (+0.42%).
Arabica prices reached a one-week high, while robusta rebounded from its lowest level in 8.5 months in nearby futures. The rally was largely driven by the appreciation of the Brazilian real, which climbed to a two-year high against the US dollar. A stronger real tends to discourage export selling by Brazilian producers, tightening global supply.
Supply Trends and Inventory Movements
Tight robusta supplies continue to support prices. ICE-monitored robusta inventories declined to 3,977 lots, marking a 1.25-year low. In contrast, arabica inventories have increased, limiting price gains. ICE arabica stocks rose to 585,621 bags on March 18, the highest level in more than six months.
Shipping Disruptions Impact Global Trade
The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has disrupted global shipping routes, tightening coffee supplies worldwide. The disruption has increased freight rates, insurance costs, and fuel expenses, raising overall costs for coffee importers and roasters.
Weather Conditions in Brazil Support Prices
Weather conditions in Brazil are also providing support. Somar Meteorologia reported that Minas Gerais, the country’s largest arabica-growing region, received 11.7 mm of rainfall last week, representing only 47% of the historical average. Below-normal rainfall may affect crop development and support prices.
Record Crop Expectations Weigh on Market Sentiment
Despite current support factors, expectations of a record Brazilian coffee crop continue to pressure the market. On March 19, Marex Group Plc projected Brazil’s 2026/27 coffee production at 75.9 million bags, exceeding Sucafina’s estimate of 75.4 million bags and marking a 15.5% year-on-year increase.
On March 12, StoneX raised its forecast to 75.3 million bags, up from a previous estimate of 70.7 million bags. The firm also expects the global coffee surplus to expand to 10 million bags in 2026, compared to 1.8 million bags in 2025, representing the largest surplus in six years.
Vietnam Export Growth Pressures Robusta
Rising exports from Vietnam, the world’s largest robusta producer, are weighing on prices. Vietnam’s National Statistics Office reported that coffee exports in the first quarter of 2026 increased by 14% year-on-year to 585,000 metric tons.
In 2025, exports rose by 17.5% to 1.58 million metric tons. Production for the 2025/26 season is expected to increase by 6% to 1.76 million metric tons (29.4 million bags), reaching a four-year high.
Decline in Brazilian Exports Offers Support
Recent export data from Brazil provided additional support to prices. Cecafe reported that green coffee exports in February fell by 27% year-on-year to 2.3 million bags. Meanwhile, Brazil’s Trade Ministry reported a 31% decline in March exports to 151,000 metric tons.
Recent Price Trends and Global Outlook
Coffee prices declined sharply in February, with arabica falling to a 16.75-month low on February 24 due to expectations of strong Brazilian supply.
Brazil’s crop agency Conab projected on February 5 that 2026 coffee production would rise by 17.2% year-on-year to a record 66.2 million bags. Arabica output is expected to increase by 23.2% to 44.1 million bags, while robusta production is forecast to grow by 6.3% to 22.1 million bags.
Rabobank reported on March 4 that global coffee production for the 2026/27 season is expected to reach a record 180 million bags, about 8 million bags higher than the previous year.
Global Trade and Production Forecasts
The International Coffee Organization (ICO) reported on November 7 that global coffee exports for the current marketing year (October to September) declined by 0.3% year-on-year to 138.658 million bags.
The USDA’s Foreign Agriculture Service (FAS) projected in its December 18 report that global coffee production for 2025/26 will increase by 2.0% to a record 178.848 million bags. Arabica production is expected to decline by 4.7% to 95.515 million bags, while robusta output is forecast to rise by 10.9% to 83.333 million bags.
FAS also estimates that Brazil’s 2025/26 coffee production will fall by 3.1% to 63 million bags, while Vietnam’s production will increase by 6.2% to 30.8 million bags. Ending stocks for the 2025/26 season are projected to decline by 5.4% to 20.148 million bags, down from 21.307 million bags in 2024/25.
Coffee prices moved lower as a stronger dollar and expectations of a record Brazilian crop continued to weigh on the market, while a mix of supply, weather, and trade factors shaped overall sentiment.
May arabica coffee fell by 0.95 points, or 0.32%, while May robusta declined by 48 points, or 1.36%, reflecting pressure linked to currency strength and improving supply expectations.
The outlook for Brazil’s next crop remains a central driver. Marex Group projected the country’s 2026 and 2027 coffee production at a record 75.9 million bags, exceeding Sucafina’s estimate of 75.4 million bags, which represents a 15.5% increase year on year. Earlier in the month, StoneX raised its forecast to 75.3 million bags, up from a previous estimate of 70.7 million bags.
Despite this pressure, tight supplies of robusta coffee provided some support. Inventories monitored by the exchange fell to 4,093 lots, the lowest level in three and a half months. In contrast, arabica inventories rose to 585,621 bags, marking a six and a quarter month high and adding further downward pressure on prices.
Global logistics disruptions added complexity to the market. The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has affected shipping flows, increasing freight rates, insurance costs, and fuel expenses, raising costs for importers and roasters while tightening supply chains.
Weather conditions in Brazil also played a role. Rainfall in Minas Gerais, the country’s largest arabica-producing region, reached 11.7 millimeters last week, or 47% of the historical average, according to Somar Meteorologia. Below-normal rainfall typically supports prices, though this effect has been offset by broader supply expectations.
Trade data provided mixed signals. Brazil’s green coffee exports in February fell by 27% year on year to 2.3 million bags, according to Cecafe. Meanwhile, the country’s Trade Ministry reported that total coffee exports declined by 17.4% over the same period to 142,000 metric tons, offering some underlying support.
Earlier this year, coffee prices had already faced significant pressure. In February, arabica dropped to a 16.25-month low as expectations of a large Brazilian crop strengthened the global supply outlook. Brazil’s crop agency Conab said production in 2026 is expected to rise by 17.2% year on year to a record 66.2 million bags, including a 23.2% increase in arabica to 44.1 million bags and a 6.3% rise in robusta to 22.1 million bags.
At the global level, Rabobank projected that coffee production will reach a record 180 million bags in the 2026 and 2027 season, up by about 8 million bags from the previous year.
Vietnam, the world’s largest producer of robusta coffee, added to bearish sentiment. The country reported a 14% increase in exports during the first two months of 2026 to 366,000 metric tons. Exports for 2025 rose by 17.5% to 1.58 million metric tons, while production for the 2025 and 2026 season is expected to increase by 6% to a four-year high of 29.4 million bags.
Additional data from the International Coffee Organization showed that global coffee exports for the current marketing year edged down by 0.3% to 138.658 million bags.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign Agriculture Service projected that global coffee production for the 2025 and 2026 season will increase by 2% to a record 178.848 million bags. The report also indicated a 4.7% decline in arabica production to 95.515 million bags and a 10.9% increase in robusta output to 83.333 million bags.
The agency expects Brazil’s production for the same season to fall by 3.1% to 63 million bags, while Vietnam’s output is forecast to rise by 6.2% to 30.8 million bags. Ending stocks are projected to decline by 5.4% to 20.148 million bags, down from 21.307 million bags in the previous season.
Together, these factors highlight a market caught between rising global supply expectations and ongoing logistical disruptions, weather concerns, and shifting inventory levels, leaving coffee prices under continued pressure.
Coffee prices climbed on Thursday as escalating tensions in the Middle East raised concerns about global supply chains and shipping routes.
May arabica coffee futures increased by 6.75 points (2.35%), while May robusta contracts gained 82 points (2.31%), reflecting market reactions to geopolitical developments affecting maritime trade.
The rise follows reports that the Strait of Hormuz, a critical global shipping corridor, could face disruption due to the ongoing conflict involving Iran. Statements from Iranian leadership suggested the strategic waterway could be used as leverage, while defense officials in the United Kingdom indicated evidence that mines may be placed in the strait.
The potential closure of the route has pushed up global shipping rates, insurance costs, and fuel expenses, increasing operational costs for coffee importers, traders, and roasters worldwide.
However, gains in coffee prices remain limited due to favorable weather conditions in Brazil. Forecasts indicate rainfall in major coffee-growing regions, which could support crop development and ease supply concerns.
Adding further pressure on prices, commodity analytics firm StoneX raised its forecast for Brazil’s 2026/27 coffee production to a record 75.3 million bags, compared with its previous estimate of 70.7 million bags.
Meteorological data from Somar Meteorologia also showed that Brazil’s largest arabica-producing region, Minas Gerais, received 14.9 mm of rainfall last week, equivalent to about 35% of the historical average.
Meanwhile, Brazilian export data offered some support to the market. According to Cecafe, Brazil’s green coffee exports fell 27% year-on-year in February, while the country’s Trade Ministry reported a 17.4% annual decline, bringing total shipments to 142,000 metric tons.
Inventory movements are also shaping market sentiment. Stocks of arabica monitored by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) recently reached a five-month high of 564,626 bags before easing slightly to 552,192 bags. Robusta inventories also rose to a 3.5-month high earlier this month before declining modestly.
Earlier in February, coffee prices dropped sharply amid expectations of a strong Brazilian crop. Brazil’s agricultural supply agency Conab projected the country’s 2026 coffee production at 66.2 million bags, including 44.1 million bags of arabica and 22.1 million bags of robusta.
On a global scale, Rabobank estimates coffee production could reach 180 million bags in the 2026/27 season, an increase of roughly 8 million bags compared with the previous year.
Vietnam, the world’s largest robusta producer, continues to influence market dynamics. Government statistics show Vietnam’s coffee exports rose 14% year-on-year in January–February 2026 to 366,000 metric tons, while exports in 2025 climbed 17.5% to 1.58 million metric tons. Production in the 2025/26 season is projected to reach 1.76 million metric tons, the highest level in four years.
Despite these supply signals, the International Coffee Organization (ICO) reported that global coffee exports for the current marketing year have declined 0.3% year-on-year to 138.658 million bags.
Looking ahead, the USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service forecasts global coffee production in 2025/26 at 178.848 million bags, with arabica output expected to decline 4.7% and robusta production projected to increase 10.9%. Ending global stocks are expected to fall 5.4% to 20.148 million bags.
Market analysts say the coffee sector remains caught between geopolitical risks affecting trade routes and expectations of strong global production, creating a volatile outlook for prices in the months ahead.
Coffee production in Colombia, the world’s largest producer of washed Arabica coffee, recorded a sharp drop in February 2026. Production reached 869,000 bags, with each bag weighing 60 kilograms, marking a decline of 36% compared with the same month last year. This decrease reflects a continuing negative trend that is putting pressure on the global coffee supply.
Noticeable Drop in Annual Production
When looking at the total production over the last 12 months, from March 2025 to February 2026, the total reached 12.72 million bags. This represents a decline of 14% compared with the previous cycle.
German Bahamon Jaramillo, the general manager of the National Coffee Federation (FNC), said that the current situation requires urgent action to protect the stability of the sector and maintain farm productivity, according to the Argentine newspaper Infobae.
The main recommendations include improving fertilization to restore plant strength and renewing coffee farms to ensure sustainable production in the medium term. There are also calls for direct support measures for farmers to help them deal with lower profits caused by reduced production.
Exports Also Decline
The drop in production has also affected exports. Coffee exports in February fell by 32%, reaching 807,000 bags.
During the beginning of the agricultural season, from October to February, total exports reached 5.06 million bags. This is a decline of 14% compared with the same period in the previous cycle.
Production Under Pressure
Experts say this decline shows how vulnerable coffee production is to climate changes and farm management problems. It also puts pressure on global prices and may increase the cost of coffee for consumers. At the same time, it makes it more difficult for small farmers to maintain sustainable businesses.
Main Reasons for the Decline
Several factors are behind the drop in production.
Climate changes:
Continuous heavy rain and thick cloud cover affected flowering and plant growth. This also led to the spread of diseases such as coffee leaf rust, although detection rates remain low thanks to resistant coffee varieties.
Farm management challenges:
Coffee plants are showing signs of exhaustion after several years of strong production. The 2024/2025 season recorded the highest production level in 30 years. In addition, higher costs for inputs such as fertilizers and labor have increased pressure on farmers.
Weak start to 2026:
The decline follows a 34% drop in January 2026, when production reached 893,000 bags, making the start of the year one of the weakest in recent years.
Suggested Actions
Experts suggest several steps to address the situation.
Short term:
Improve fertilization to strengthen plants and provide direct financial support for small farmers, who produce about 70% of the country’s coffee, to help offset income losses.
Medium term:
Renew coffee farms to ensure long-term sustainability and adopt varieties that are more resistant to climate conditions. Price-stabilization mechanisms are also recommended to reduce market volatility.
Long term:
Address climate change through global strategies. A report from the International Coffee Organization (ICO) and other groups expects that global coffee production could be affected by up to 50% by 2050 if adaptation measures are not taken.
Impact on Global Supply
Colombia represents about 10% to 12% of global Arabica production. Because of this, any decline in its output puts pressure on the global supply, especially when production also drops in countries like Vietnam or Indonesia during some periods.
However, some of this pressure may be eased by expectations of a record Brazilian crop in the 2026/2027 season, estimated at 66.2 million bags, an increase of 17.2%. This could push global production to around 180 million bags.
Still, climate volatility keeps supply fragile. As a result, major international buyers, including the United States and Europe, may look for temporary alternatives.
Price Movements
Arabica prices recently fell from record levels above $4 per pound in November 2025 to about $2.80 to $3.00 per pound today, mainly because of strong crop expectations in Brazil.
However, the decline in Colombian production has helped push prices up by about 2% to 5% in recent weeks. This increase is linked to concerns about global supply and geopolitical tensions, including shipping disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz.
The World Bank expects Arabica prices to fall by 13% to 15% during 2026 overall. But this outlook could change if production in Colombia continues to decline.
For consumers, coffee prices in the market may rise by about 5% to 10% in the short term, especially in Europe and the United States.
Coffee futures finished higher on Friday after reversing early weakness, supported by currency movements and renewed supply concerns. March arabica coffee contracts rose sharply, while March robusta prices posted a modest gain.
A key driver of the rebound was strength in Brazil’s currency. The Brazilian real climbed to its strongest level in roughly two weeks against the U.S. dollar, making exports less attractive for Brazilian producers. That shift prompted short covering in coffee futures and helped lift prices into the close.
Weather-related disruptions in Southeast Asia are also lending support. Severe flooding in Indonesia has affected a significant portion of arabica-growing areas in northern Sumatra. Industry officials estimate the damage could cut Indonesia’s coffee exports by up to 15% during the 2025/26 season. Indonesia is a major global supplier, particularly of robusta coffee, and any reduction in output adds to market uncertainty.
Concerns about Brazil’s crop conditions have not faded. Recent data from a private weather firm showed that Minas Gerais—Brazil’s largest arabica-producing region—received far less rainfall than normal in late December. Below-average moisture during this critical period has raised doubts about yield potential for the upcoming harvest.
Inventory trends remain another supportive factor. Arabica coffee stocks monitored by ICE fell to multi-year lows in November before rebounding modestly in recent weeks. Robusta inventories followed a similar pattern, touching their lowest levels in a year before seeing a short-term recovery. Despite the recent uptick, overall stock levels remain relatively tight by historical standards.
On the demand side, U.S. coffee inventories remain constrained. Earlier trade barriers sharply reduced American purchases of Brazilian coffee during late summer and early fall. Although those tariffs have since been reduced, imports have yet to fully recover, leaving supply channels under pressure.
Still, longer-term supply expectations continue to cap rallies. Brazil’s national crop agency recently raised its estimate for the country’s 2025 coffee output, citing improved conditions compared with earlier forecasts. Meanwhile, robusta markets remain weighed down by strong production and export data from Vietnam.
Vietnamese coffee shipments surged late last year, and output for the 2025/26 season is expected to rise further if weather remains favorable. As the world’s largest robusta producer, Vietnam’s expanding supply continues to temper bullish sentiment in that segment of the market.
Globally, mixed signals persist. While international coffee exports have edged slightly lower year over year, production forecasts point to a record crop in the coming season. Arabica output is projected to decline, but gains in robusta production are expected to more than offset those losses. Ending stocks are forecast to fall modestly, suggesting a tighter balance than last year but not an outright shortage.
Overall, coffee prices are being pulled in opposite directions—near-term supply risks and currency dynamics are supporting the market, while expectations of ample global production continue to limit upside potential.
Coffee prices experienced a sharp decline on Monday, with arabica falling to a two-week low and robusta reaching a 2.25-month low. The downturn comes amid expectations of abundant global coffee supplies.
Brazil’s crop agency, Conab, recently raised its 2025 production forecast to 56.54 million bags, up from 55.20 million bags projected in September. Meanwhile, Vietnam’s National Statistics Office reported a 39% year-on-year increase in November coffee exports, reaching 88,000 metric tons, while January–November exports grew nearly 15% to 1.398 million metric tons.
Analysts at StoneX forecast that Brazil could produce 70.7 million bags in the 2026/27 marketing year, including 47.2 million bags of arabica—a 29% increase compared to the previous year.
The European Union’s recent one-year delay of its deforestation regulation (EUDR) is also influencing market sentiment. The measure, designed to curb deforestation in countries exporting key commodities to the EU, now allows continued imports of coffee, soybeans, and cocoa from regions experiencing deforestation, contributing to expectations of steady supply.
Weather conditions in Brazil are playing a mixed role. In the country’s largest arabica-producing region, Minas Gerais, rainfall was reported at just 11 mm for the week ending December 5, only 17% of the historical average—offering some support for prices.
U.S. coffee inventories monitored by ICE have tightened due to tariffs on Brazilian coffee imports. Arabica stocks fell to a 1.75-year low of 398,645 bags in late November, though they recently rebounded to over 426,000 bags. Robusta stocks dropped to an 11.5-month low on Monday. U.S. purchases of Brazilian coffee from August to October declined 52% year-on-year following the tariff implementation, reducing domestic supply.
On the other hand, increased production from Vietnam exerts downward pressure on prices. The country is expected to produce 1.76 million metric tons (29.4 million bags) in 2025/26, a four-year high, with the Vietnam Coffee and Cocoa Association projecting a 10% increase over the previous crop if favorable weather continues. Vietnam remains the world’s largest robusta producer.
Globally, signs of tighter supplies provide some price support. The International Coffee Organization reported a slight 0.3% year-on-year decline in global coffee exports for the current marketing year, totaling 138.658 million bags.
The USDA projects world coffee production in 2025/26 to reach a record 178.68 million bags, with arabica slightly down 1.7% to 97.022 million bags and robusta rising 7.9% to 81.658 million bags. Brazil’s output is expected to increase modestly to 65 million bags, while Vietnam’s crop could rise to a four-year high of 31 million bags. Global ending stocks are forecast to grow nearly 5% to 22.819 million bags.
March arabica coffee (KCH26) finished Friday’s session up by +1.50 (+0.40%), while January ICE robusta (RMF26) added +26 (+0.57%).
Coffee futures reached their highest levels in a week on Friday, supported by a stronger Brazilian real. As the real (^USDBRL) advanced to a one-week peak against the US dollar, Brazilian growers were less inclined to sell, prompting short covering in the market.
Weather concerns continue to contribute to upward pressure on prices. Arabica markets are receiving support from ongoing dryness in Brazil. Somar Meteorologia reported that Minas Gerais—Brazil’s largest arabica-producing region—recorded 26.4 mm of rainfall in the week ending November 21, representing just 49% of the long-term average. Robusta prices are also firm as forecasts predict heavy rains across Dak Lak in Vietnam, the country’s key coffee-growing province, which are expected to further postpone the current harvest.
Falling ICE coffee stockpiles remain a bullish factor. US tariffs on Brazilian coffee imports have sharply reduced inventories. Arabica stocks monitored by ICE dropped to 398,645 bags last Thursday, the lowest level in 1.75 years, while robusta inventories hit a 6.5-month low of 4,530 lots on Friday. American importers have canceled new orders from Brazil due to tariff pressures, tightening domestic supply. Between August and October—after the tariffs were introduced—US purchases of Brazilian coffee fell by 52% year-on-year to 983,970 bags. Roughly one-third of the coffee imported unroasted into the US typically originates from Brazil.
Last Friday, arabica futures slumped to a 7-week low after President Trump signed an executive order late Thursday removing tariff restrictions on Brazilian food goods, including the 40% levy previously applied to Brazilian coffee.
On the bearish side, StoneX projected last Wednesday that Brazil could produce 70.7 million bags of coffee in the 2026/27 marketing year, including 47.2 million bags of arabica—a 29% increase from the previous year.
Robusta markets also face pressure from expanding supply out of Vietnam. Data from the Vietnam National Statistics Office on November 6 showed that coffee exports for January–October 2025 rose by 13.4% year-on-year to 1.31 million metric tons. Production for the 2025/26 season is expected to grow by 6% year-on-year to 1.76 million metric tons (29.4 million bags), reaching a four-year high. In addition, the Vietnam Coffee and Cocoa Association (Vicofa) stated on October 24 that, provided weather conditions remain favorable, the country’s 2025/26 crop could exceed last year’s output by 10%. Vietnam remains the world’s largest producer of robusta.
Signs of tightening global supply continue to underpin prices. The International Coffee Organization (ICO) reported on November 7 that global coffee exports for the ongoing marketing year (October–September) slipped by 0.3% year-on-year to 138.658 million bags.
Further support emerged after Brazil’s crop agency Conab reduced its 2025 arabica production estimate on September 4. The new estimate stands at 35.2 million bags, down 4.9% from the May forecast of 37.0 million bags. Conab also revised the country’s total 2025 coffee crop downward to 55.2 million bags, compared with the earlier estimate of 55.7 million bags.
According to the USDA’s Foreign Agriculture Service (FAS) outlook released on June 25, global coffee production for 2025/26 is expected to rise by 2.5% year-on-year to a record 178.68 million bags. The report anticipates arabica production will fall by 1.7% to 97.022 million bags, while robusta output will rise 7.9% to 81.658 million bags. FAS also forecasts Brazil’s 2025/26 crop increasing by 0.5% to 65 million bags and Vietnam’s output jumping 6.9% to 31 million bags, marking a four-year high. Ending stocks for 2025/26 are projected to grow by 4.9% to 22.819 million bags, up from 21.752 million bags in 2024/25.
Dubai, 17 September 2025 (Qahwa World) –Coffee in Yemen has never been just a crop. It is deeply rooted in the nation’s history, culture, and identity. From these rugged mountains and arid landscapes, coffee spread across the seas more than five centuries ago to conquer global markets. Today, as climate volatility poses unprecedented threats to the coffee industry worldwide, Yemen is once again at the centre of attention—not only as the birthplace of coffee but also as a potential leader in producing drought-resistant varieties that could safeguard the sector’s future.
According to the latest DMCC Coffee Centre report, part of its Future of Trade Agri Series, climate change may render half of today’s coffee-growing land unsuitable for production by 2050. Arabica beans, which account for 60–70% of global production and are prized for their superior quality, are the most at risk. They require cooler climates and well-defined wet and dry seasons, making them highly sensitive to even slight shifts in rainfall and temperature.
Robusta, known for its resilience and tolerance to higher temperatures, may also face threats from ongoing climate disruptions. The report highlights that recent years have already offered a preview of this uncertain future. In Vietnam, prolonged drought caused production to fall by 20% and exports by 10% during the 2023/24 season. In Brazil, the world’s largest coffee producer, one of the most severe droughts in its history pushed Arabica prices up by more than 80% in 2024. These are not isolated incidents but warning signs of a shifting climate reality that threatens global supply.
Against this backdrop of instability, the DMCC report underscores Yemen’s exceptional position. For centuries, Yemeni farmers have cultivated coffee under harsh conditions—scorching heat, scarce rainfall, and limited water resources—yet the crop has endured. This historic resilience is what makes Yemen uniquely qualified to lead the development of drought-resistant coffee varieties that could redefine global production.
Garfield Kerr, president of the Speciality Coffee Association (SCA) and founder of Mokha 1450 in Dubai, put it bluntly: “I expect Yemen to become an industry leader in producing drought-resistant coffees, because farmers and agronomists there are already producing coffee in higher temperatures with less water.”
This statement reflects a growing global recognition that Yemen’s traditional practices and harsh realities may hold the key to coffee’s survival in the face of climate change.
The significance of Yemen lies not only in its ability to grow coffee under extreme conditions but also in the potential role it can play in stabilising global supply. If Yemen succeeds in pioneering drought-resistant varieties, it could help reduce the risks facing millions of smallholder farmers across Latin America, Africa, and Asia who are far less equipped to adapt to environmental shocks.
Economically, this advantage positions Yemen to capture new opportunities. With demand for resilient coffee varieties expected to rise, Yemen could evolve from a historically modest producer into a global laboratory for agricultural innovation. Strategic investment in research, farmer training, and international partnerships will be key to transforming this potential into reality.
The report also emphasises that farmers cannot bear the burden of climate adaptation alone. Institutions, trade bodies, and global buyers must work together to foster resilience across the supply chain. Yemen’s experience offers valuable lessons, but scaling them up will require cooperation, knowledge-sharing, and financial backing.
As consumer demand for sustainability and transparency intensifies, regulatory frameworks such as the European Union’s Deforestation Regulation are reshaping access to global markets. For Yemen, aligning with such frameworks could open doors while reinforcing its role as a pioneer in climate-smart coffee production.
Conclusion
The DMCC Coffee Centre report places Yemen firmly back in the global spotlight—not only as the birthplace of coffee but also as a crucial player in shaping its future. At a time when the sector faces escalating risks from droughts, heatwaves, and unpredictable weather, Yemen emerges as a beacon of resilience and possibility.
For the global coffee industry, the message is clear: climate change is already altering production landscapes, and the risks are intensifying. Yet Yemen’s centuries-old experience in cultivating coffee with fewer resources provides hope that adaptation is possible.
If the right investments and collaborations are put in place, Yemen could help secure coffee’s future—not just for itself, but for the millions worldwide whose livelihoods and cultures depend on this extraordinary crop.
DUBAI – September 2025 – Qahwa World – Coffee is more than a beverage. It is a lifeline for over 25 million smallholder farmers, a $200 billion industry, and a cultural anchor with more than two billion cups consumed daily. Yet today, the global coffee sector faces one of the greatest challenges in its long history, according to the DMCC Coffee Centre, part of the Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC).
In its latest report, released under the Future of Trade Agri Commodities Series, the DMCC Coffee Centre published a special edition on coffee, warning that lands where coffee has thrived for centuries may no longer be suitable for cultivation in the coming decades.
According to the report, coffee’s vulnerability to climate change is stark. Unlike many other crops, coffee can only be cultivated in limited geographical zones, often at specific altitudes and within narrow temperature ranges. Any disruption in this balance — whether through droughts, frosts, or fungal diseases such as coffee leaf rust — can devastate entire harvests. Recent years have offered a preview of this future. In Vietnam, prolonged drought cut production by 20% and exports by 10% in the 2023/24 season. In Brazil, the world’s largest producer, one of the worst droughts in history pushed Arabica prices up by more than 80% in 2024. These are not isolated events but warning signals of a changing climate destabilizing a vital crop.
Research cited in the report projects that by 2050, half of today’s coffee-growing land may become unsuitable. Arabica, which accounts for 60–70% of global production and is prized for its quality, is the most at risk. Dependent on cooler climates with clearly defined wet and dry seasons, Arabica is highly sensitive to even modest increases in temperature. Robusta, known for its greater heat tolerance, may also face challenges under worsening climate conditions.
“The reality is that producers often have customers who have pre-booked volumes months in advance,” said Mike Butler, Associate Director of Coffee at DMCC. “If crops fail, they cannot deliver. This puts enormous pressure on farmers and traders, making climate volatility the new normal.”
Mike Butler, Associate Director of Coffee at DMCC
These pressures are already reshaping market dynamics. When Arabica prices surge, major brands increasingly turn to Robusta to fill the gap, often blending higher proportions into espresso and instant products. But as Garfield Kerr, President of the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) and founder of Mokha1450 in Dubai, explains: “Specialty coffee consumers will notice the difference. While efforts are underway to develop specialty-grade Robusta, its flavor profile remains distinct.” This divergence could redefine what consumers drink, as well as where and how coffee is cultivated in the decades ahead.
The effects of climate change extend beyond farms to disrupt the global trade system. Shortages in Brazil or Vietnam ripple across supply chains, triggering price spikes and reshaping import decisions worldwide. Exchange-based pricing, once a reliable benchmark for roasters, is increasingly disconnected from the realities of specialty markets. Butler notes: “We are in a complex situation. Exchange pricing has become speculative and detached from the actual market, especially in premium segments.”
For smallholder farmers — who produce 80% of the world’s coffee — volatility is a fight for survival. Most lack the resources to withstand failed harvests or price shocks. When yields collapse, so too does income, jeopardizing education, healthcare, and food security for millions of families. The DMCC Coffee Centre report stresses the urgent need for investment in climate adaptation strategies that enable farmers to continue producing under increasingly hostile conditions.
Among the most promising solutions is agroforestry, where coffee is cultivated alongside trees and diverse crops to shield plants from heat, improve soil fertility, conserve water, and diversify incomes. Developing drought-resistant coffee varieties is another frontier. Kerr highlights Yemen as a potential leader, where farmers have for centuries produced resilient coffees in arid, high-temperature conditions. “I expect Yemen to become an industry leader in producing drought-resistant coffees,” he says, “because its farmers and agronomists already grow coffee in hotter climates with less water.”
The urgency of innovation extends beyond agriculture. International institutions and trade hubs must foster collaboration, data-sharing, and investment to support producers. The International Coffee Organization, in partnership with the International Trade Centre, has launched a Coffee Sustainability Support Database cataloguing more than 400 climate and sustainability initiatives worldwide. From training farmers in composting techniques to supporting cooperative-led climate projects, such efforts highlight the collective action required to build resilience.
Still, adaptation alone may not suffice without broader systemic change. Consumers increasingly demand proof that their coffee is produced sustainably and ethically, and regulators are responding with measures such as the European Union Deforestation Regulation. Compliance requires end-to-end traceability, raising costs but also creating opportunities for new technologies like blockchain and AI-powered monitoring to ensure that sustainability commitments are verifiable.
The DMCC Coffee Centre concludes that the global coffee sector stands at a crossroads. Climate change is already disrupting production, and risks are intensifying. While forecasts suggest that production could reach a record 178.7 million 60-kg bags in 2025/26, long-term threats loom over both supply and the livelihoods of millions of farmers. At the same time, solutions — from agroforestry to resilient varieties, from digital transparency to circular economy models — are emerging. The question is not whether the industry will change, but whether it can adapt quickly enough to safeguard coffee’s future.
For an industry that spans continents and cultures, the message is clear: without urgent action, climate volatility could reshape the coffee world beyond recognition. But through innovation, cooperation, and resilience, coffee can remain what it has always been — not just a drink, but a global connector, an economic pillar, and a cultural force.
Dubai, September 12, 2025 – Qahwa World – Global coffee markets surged sharply on Friday, with December arabica futures climbing +10.75 cents (+2.78%) to a four-month high and November robusta futures rising +$80 (+1.77%) to a one-and-a-half-week peak.
The rally is being driven primarily by ongoing drought in Brazil, the world’s largest coffee producer. Weather agency Somar Meteorologia reported that Minas Gerais, Brazil’s largest arabica-producing state, received no rainfall during the week ending September 6 — a critical period just ahead of the flowering stage for coffee trees.
A stronger Brazilian real added further bullish momentum, rallying to a 15-month high against the US dollar on Friday. A stronger real typically discourages coffee exports, as producers are less incentivized to sell abroad.
In the United States, concerns over tighter supplies are mounting as buyers cancel new contracts for Brazilian beans following the imposition of 50% tariffs on imports. Roughly one-third of America’s green coffee supply comes from Brazil, making the tariffs a significant disruptor for the US market.
Tightness in ICE-monitored inventories has also supported prices. Arabica stocks fell to a 16-month low of 669,251 bags, while robusta inventories declined to a two-week low of 6,557 lots.
Adding to the bullish outlook, Brazil’s crop forecasting agency Conab cut its 2025 arabica production estimate by -4.9% to 35.2 million bags from its May forecast of 37 million. Total Brazilian coffee output for 2025 was also revised lower by -0.9% to 55.2 million bags.
On the trade side, the International Coffee Organization (ICO) reported that global exports in July fell -1.6% year-on-year to 11.6 million bags. Cumulative exports from October to July slipped -0.3% year-on-year to 115.6 million bags.
Brazil’s July shipments added more pressure to the supply side. The Trade Ministry reported that unroasted coffee exports dropped -20.4% year-on-year to 161,000 metric tons. Exporter group Cecafe confirmed a steeper fall, with green coffee exports plunging -28% to 2.4 million bags. Arabica exports dropped -21% while robusta exports plunged -49%. Cecafe added that total July shipments fell -28% to 2.7 million bags, while cumulative January–July exports fell -21% to 22.2 million bags.
Meanwhile, Brazil’s harvest is nearly complete. Cooxupé, the country’s largest coffee cooperative, reported that 97% of its members’ harvest was completed by September 5. Separately, consultancy Safras & Mercado noted that the national 2025/26 harvest reached 99% by August 20, including 100% completion of robusta and 98% of arabica.
In Vietnam, the world’s second-largest producer, 2023/24 coffee output fell -20% year-on-year to 1.47 million metric tons, the smallest crop in four years. Exports in 2024 fell -17.1% to 1.35 million metric tons. However, the General Statistics Office reported that January–August 2025 exports rose +7.8% to 1.14 million metric tons.
Looking ahead, the USDA’s Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) projected on June 25 that global coffee production in 2025/26 will rise +2.5% year-on-year to a record 178.68 million bags. The forecast includes a -1.7% decline in arabica to 97.02 million bags and a +7.9% increase in robusta to 81.65 million bags. Brazil’s 2025/26 crop is expected to rise +0.5% to 65 million bags, while Vietnam’s production is forecast to grow +6.9% to 31 million bags, a four-year high. Global ending stocks are forecast to rise +4.9% to 22.8 million bags, up from 21.7 million in 2024/25.
However, trader Volcafe has issued a more cautious outlook, projecting a global arabica deficit of -8.5 million bags in 2025/26, compared with a -5.5 million bag deficit in 2024/25. This would mark the fifth consecutive year of deficits for arabica, underscoring structural supply concerns.
The combination of Brazil’s drought, lower exports, shrinking inventories, and global trade pressures highlights the fragility of the balance between supply and demand — setting the stage for further volatility in one of the world’s most important agricultural commodities.
