Coffee’s Effects on Sex Hormones in Men and Women

Source: University of Oulu / European Journal of Nutrition
Author: Qahwa World
Date: August 31, 2026

Finnish Study: Coffee’s Effects on Sex Hormones in Men and Women

  • Finnish study links regular coffee consumption to healthier body composition in both sexes.
  • Significant increase in total testosterone and SHBG in men.
  • Increased SHBG and decreased free androgens in women.
  • Lower levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in both sexes.
  • Lower BCAAs indicate reduced risk of insulin resistance, diabetes, and heart disease.
  • The study included over 2,200 participants aged 46.

A new scientific study by researchers at the University of Oulu in Finland has found that regular coffee consumption is linked to healthier body composition. Coffee drinkers had lower stored fat and greater muscle mass compared to non-drinkers. The study also revealed surprising hormonal effects that differ between men and women.

The study was published in the European Journal of Nutrition. It analyzed data from over 2,200 participants aged 46. The research team examined the relationship between coffee consumption, heart health indicators, metabolic outcomes, and sex hormone levels.

A Hormonal Signature Linked to Coffee

The results revealed a “hormonal signature” linked to coffee. The strongest effects were seen in men. Coffee consumption was associated with improved glucose and insulin regulation. Men also showed higher levels of total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).

In women, coffee was linked to increased SHBG and decreased free androgens. These hormones are responsible for libido, mood, and the health of the body, hair, and bones.

Hormonal Effects of Coffee by Gender
Gender Hormonal Effect
Men Increased total testosterone, increased SHBG, improved glucose and insulin regulation
Women Increased SHBG, decreased free androgens

Hormonal Changes Independent of Lifestyle

Lead researcher Luca Viruisti, a nutrition specialist, explained that these hormonal changes remained significant even after excluding lifestyle factors and body mass index. This suggests coffee has a direct effect on the hormonal system, not just a result of other healthy habits.

Lower Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

The results showed lower levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in the blood of coffee drinkers of both sexes. Researchers noted that lower levels of these amino acids are a positive indicator. Chronic elevation of BCAAs is linked to risks of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and declining liver health.

Benefits of Lower Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)
Risks Linked to High BCAAs Benefits of Lower BCAAs
Insulin resistance Improved insulin sensitivity
Type 2 diabetes Lower diabetes risk
Heart disease Lower cardiovascular risk
Declining liver health Improved liver function

Conclusion: Coffee’s Divergent Hormonal Effects

The study confirms that coffee has hormonal effects that differ between men and women. For men, coffee appears supportive of testosterone levels and metabolic health. For women, it may be linked to hormonal changes that affect libido and mood.

On the positive side, coffee was linked to lower branched-chain amino acids in both sexes. This reduction may contribute to lowering the risks of insulin resistance, diabetes, and heart disease. Further studies are needed to understand the precise mechanisms behind these effects.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does coffee raise testosterone in men?Yes, the study showed significant increases in total testosterone and SHBG levels in men who regularly consume coffee.

How does coffee affect hormones in women?In women, coffee was linked to increased SHBG and decreased free androgens, which are responsible for libido, mood, and body, hair, and bone health.

What are branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?They are amino acids whose elevated levels are linked to risks of insulin resistance, diabetes, and heart disease. The study showed lower levels in coffee drinkers.

Are coffee’s hormonal effects dependent on lifestyle?No, the study showed that hormonal effects remained significant even after excluding lifestyle factors and body mass index.

How many participants were in the study?The study included over 2,200 participants aged 46, giving the results good statistical power.

Where was the study published?The study was published in the European Journal of Nutrition, a peer-reviewed scientific journal specializing in nutrition and health.

Coffee Not a Heart Risk: AHA Sets Safe Caffeine Limit

Source: American Heart Association / Circulation journal
Author: Qahwa World
Date: August 10, 2026

Coffee Not a Heart Risk: AHA Sets Safe Caffeine Limit

  • AHA recommends up to 400mg of caffeine daily for most adults.
  • That equals about 5 cups of brewed coffee (8 oz per cup).
  • Plain black coffee linked to lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
  • Filtered coffee better for cholesterol; unfiltered may raise LDL.
  • Energy drinks are not like coffee and may cause BP spikes and arrhythmias.
  • Pregnant women and those with palpitations or uncontrolled BP should consult doctors.

Cardiologists have long treated coffee with caution. The reason was caffeine’s temporary effect on heart rate and blood pressure. However, this position is beginning to change.

According to a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association, moderate caffeine consumption appears safe for most adults. This applies especially to coffee. It may even be linked to cardiovascular benefits for some people.

Dr. Kelley Chen interventional cardiologist at Henry Ford Health’s Genesis Heart Center, noted that caffeine has long had a bad reputation when it comes to heart health.

What Is the Safe Amount for Most Adults?

The statement sets 400mg of caffeine daily as a typical upper limit for most healthy adults. This equals about five 8-ounce cups of regular brewed coffee. However, caffeine content varies depending on coffee type, preparation method, and cup size.

Regular brewed coffee contains about 9.4 to 20.6mg of caffeine per fluid ounce. This means the amount can vary significantly. The evidence reviewed suggests the clearest results are linked to coffee itself. But adding large amounts of sugar and flavored syrups may reduce any potential health benefits.

Recommended Caffeine Limits by Source
Source Approximate Caffeine Note
Daily upper limit 400 mg For most healthy adults
Brewed coffee (8 oz) 75 – 165 mg Varies by type and preparation
Instant coffee (8 oz) 30 – 90 mg Lower caffeine than brewed
Espresso (single shot) 45 – 75 mg Higher concentration per ounce
Energy drinks (can) Varies widely May contain very high doses

Blood Pressure: Different Effects by Consumption Level

Coffee can raise blood pressure in the short term. However, long-term consumption results appear more complex. The statement cites research finding that one to three cups of caffeinated coffee daily was linked to increased hypertension risk among people with ideal blood pressure. In contrast, drinking more than three cups daily was linked to lower hypertension risk in some studies.

Type 2 Diabetes: Black Coffee Showed Strongest Link

For type 2 diabetes, the statement reviews evidence linking black caffeinated coffee consumption to lower diabetes risk. This applies when consumed without cream, sweeteners, or flavorings. However, caffeine may reduce insulin sensitivity in the short term. Therefore, researchers caution that the protective association may come from other compounds in coffee, not caffeine alone.

Cholesterol: Filtered Coffee Appears Better

Brewing method matters for cholesterol too. Randomized trial data indicates that cafestol, a compound in coffee, can raise LDL cholesterol levels. Cafestol is found in unfiltered coffee like espresso, French press, Turkish coffee, and boiled coffee. Most of this compound is removed when using paper filters. It is also absent from instant coffee, according to the statement.

Heart Rhythm: No Increase in Atrial Fibrillation, But a Note

The AHA statement indicates that research analyses found one to three cups of caffeinated coffee daily were not linked to increased risk of atrial fibrillation or heart rhythm disorders. However, randomized trials also found a link between coffee caffeine and increased premature ventricular contractions. These are extra heartbeats generally not dangerous. However, they may cause palpitations or anxiety in some people.

The Most Important Warning: Energy Drinks Are Not Like Coffee

A large portion of research focuses on coffee as the world’s most consumed caffeinated beverage. However, caffeinated energy drinks have not received the same level of study. Therefore, caffeine recommendations for coffee should not necessarily apply to all caffeine sources.

The AHA also warns that some concentrated energy shots may contain much higher caffeine per ounce than regular coffee. Their consumption has been linked to increased risk of high blood pressure and heart rhythm disorders.

Conclusion: What This Means for Coffee Lovers

For most adults, the AHA indicates that up to 400mg of caffeine daily is generally safe. Coffee consumption may be linked to lower risk of heart disease, stroke, and heart failure in some people. The potential benefits are more strongly associated with unsweetened coffee. Sugar and high-calorie additives can change the nutritional profile.

People with heart palpitations, sleep disorders, pregnant women, and those with uncontrolled high blood pressure should discuss appropriate caffeine amounts with their doctor.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the safe daily caffeine limit?AHA recommends 400mg of caffeine daily as an upper limit for most healthy adults, equal to about 5 cups of brewed coffee.

Is coffee good for blood pressure?Coffee may temporarily raise blood pressure, but studies suggest drinking over 3 cups daily may be linked to lower long-term hypertension risk.

What’s the difference between filtered and unfiltered coffee for cholesterol?Unfiltered coffee contains cafestol, which may raise LDL cholesterol. Paper filters remove most of it, and instant coffee contains none.

Are energy drinks as safe as coffee?No. Energy drinks contain much higher caffeine per ounce and have been linked to high blood pressure and heart rhythm disorders. They are not a substitute for coffee.

Does coffee cause heart palpitations?Coffee may cause premature ventricular contractions in some people. These extra beats are generally not dangerous but may cause palpitations or anxiety.

Who should consult a doctor about coffee?Pregnant women, people with palpitations, sleep disorders, or uncontrolled high blood pressure should discuss appropriate caffeine intake with their doctor.

Optimal Coffee Amount by Age: What Large Scientific Studies Say

Source: UK Biobank, Nurses’ Health Study, American Heart Association
Author: Qahwa World
Date: August 1, 2026This article explores coffee consumption by age based on major health studies.

Optimal Coffee Amount by Age: What Large Scientific Studies Say

  • Large observational studies link moderate coffee consumption to lower risk of chronic diseases.
  • These findings are associations, not proof of causation, and vary by age, health, and genetics.
  • After 30: 3-5 cups daily associated with lower risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
  • After 40: 3 small cups daily linked to “healthy aging” for midlife women.
  • After 50: 3-5 cups (400 mg caffeine) safe for most healthy adults, may reduce heart failure risk.
  • After 60: Coffee linked to lower risk of physical frailty and cellular renewal processes.
  • Individual response varies based on genetics, health status, and additives (sugar and cream).

Coffee is no longer just a morning wake-up drink. Over the past two decades, large observational studies have gathered consistent evidence that moderate consumption may be linked to lower risk of several chronic diseases.

These potential benefits include liver disease, dementia, and certain aspects of healthy aging. However, these remain associations, not proof of causation. Benefits and risks vary significantly by age, health status, genetics, and individual caffeine sensitivity.

Practical Summary: Optimal Amount by Age Group
Age Group Optimal Amount (cups/day) Key Potential Benefits Main Sources
After 30 2-5 Liver protection (cirrhosis, cancer) UK Biobank (355k participants)
After 40 2-3 (women) Healthy aging Nurses’ Health Study (47.5k)
After 50 3-5 Heart health (heart failure, stroke) American Heart Association
After 60 2-4 Reduced frailty, cellular renewal Observational studies on elderly

After 30: Potential Liver and Brain Protection

Long-term risk factors begin to form during this stage. A massive recent study from UK Biobank involving about 355,000 participants found coffee consumption linked to lower risk of liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver-related deaths.

Benefits appeared starting from one to two cups daily. They increased with quantity and were strongest at 3-5 cups or more. Interestingly, the positive effect was also observed with decaffeinated coffee. This suggests that other compounds (like polyphenols) play an important role alongside caffeine.

For the brain, multiple studies link 2-3 cups daily to lower risk of dementia or cognitive decline in later life. Proposed mechanisms include anti-inflammatory effects, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced accumulation of harmful proteins.

After 40: Potential Benefits for Midlife Women

Perimenopause involves significant hormonal changes affecting physical and cognitive health. The Harvard Nurses’ Health Study, which followed about 47,500 women for over three decades, found that women consuming about three small cups of caffeinated coffee in midlife were more likely to reach age 70 with “healthy aging.”

This includes freedom from major chronic diseases, preserved physical function, mental health, and absence of cognitive impairment. Decaffeinated coffee and tea did not show the same association as strongly. At this stage, some women may become more sensitive to caffeine. If coffee causes anxiety, palpitations, or sleep disruption, reducing the amount is advisable.

After 50: Heart Health and Safety of Moderate Consumption

Old beliefs linking coffee to inevitable heart damage are no longer supported by modern evidence. Recent reviews and meta-analyses, including data from the American Heart Association, indicate that most healthy adults can safely consume up to 3-5 cups (or about 400 mg caffeine) daily.

This level is often linked to lower risk of certain cardiovascular diseases like heart failure and stroke in observational studies. However, the optimal amount remains highly individual. It depends on sleep quality, blood pressure, and personal physician recommendations.

After 60: Supporting Muscle Function and Reducing Frailty Risk

With advancing age, the risk of losing muscle mass and physical frailty increases. Recent observational studies on elderly individuals link higher coffee consumption to lower likelihood of frailty, including weight loss, muscle weakness, exhaustion, slow walking speed, and low physical activity.

Mechanistically, animal studies show that coffee stimulates autophagy—a natural cellular renewal process that removes damaged components—in muscles, liver, and heart. This may contribute to preserving muscle tissue, though human evidence remains indirect.

What Makes Coffee Beneficial? How Does Response Vary?

Potential benefits come from a combination of caffeine and its effects on the nervous system and metabolism, antioxidants and polyphenols (such as chlorogenic acid), and other compounds affecting inflammation, insulin, and cellular renewal processes.

However, individual response varies greatly. Genetics (such as variations in the CYP1A2 enzyme) determine caffeine metabolism rate. Health status, additives (sugar and cream often reduce benefits), and preparation method also affect health impacts.

Practical Conclusion: No Universal Optimal Dose

There is no single “universal optimal dose” for everyone at every age. Current evidence suggests that moderate consumption (generally 2-4 cups daily for most healthy individuals) is linked to several potential benefits, especially for liver, brain, and healthy aging.

However, keep in mind that these are associations, not proof of causation. Those with anxiety disorders, insomnia, certain heart conditions, pregnant women, or those taking specific medications may need to limit or avoid coffee. It is always best to consider personal tolerance and consult a doctor if you have any chronic condition.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many cups of coffee are suitable for those over 30?The UK Biobank study suggests 3-5 cups daily are linked to lower liver cirrhosis and liver cancer risk, with benefits starting from two cups daily.

Is coffee beneficial for midlife women?Yes. The Nurses’ Health Study found that 3 small cups daily of caffeinated coffee were linked to greater odds of healthy aging after age 70.

Does coffee harm the heart?Modern evidence, including the American Heart Association, indicates that 3-5 cups daily (400 mg caffeine) are safe for most healthy adults and may reduce heart failure and stroke risk.

What are the benefits of coffee for seniors?Coffee is linked to lower risk of physical frailty (muscle loss and exhaustion) through stimulating cellular renewal processes (autophagy).

Is decaffeinated coffee also beneficial?Yes. In the liver study, the positive effect was also observed with decaffeinated coffee, suggesting a role for other compounds like polyphenols.

Is there an ideal dose that fits everyone?No. Individual response varies based on genetics, health status, and personal tolerance. It’s best to consult a doctor for chronic conditions.

Doctor Explains the “Coffee Belly” Myth

Source: SM-Clinic / Gastroenterologist Natalya Rusantsova
Author: Qahwa World
Date: July 29, 2026

Doctor Explains the “Coffee Belly” Myth

  • “Coffee belly” is widely discussed on social media.
  • A gastroenterologist explains that coffee itself does not cause fat deposits.
  • Caffeine temporarily raises cortisol—a normal physiological response.
  • Risk arises when coffee is combined with stress, poor sleep, and unhealthy eating.
  • Drinking coffee on an empty stomach can lead to overeating later.
  • Lattes, raf, mocha, and other add-ins contain hundreds of calories.
  • 3-4 cups of coffee daily are safe for most adults.

“Coffee belly” is increasingly discussed on social media. Many believe that regular coffee consumption leads to belly fat accumulation. However, doctors note that coffee itself is not the cause of weight gain.

Gastroenterologist Natalya Rusantsova from SM-Clinic explained that coffee cannot directly cause fat deposition. If it did, the problem would be observed in every coffee lover.

Caffeine and Cortisol: A Normal Response

Caffeine temporarily raises cortisol levels—the stress hormone. For healthy individuals, this is a normal physiological reaction. Hormone levels return to normal shortly after. For most people, this effect poses no danger.

However, risk arises when coffee consumption is combined with chronic stress, lack of sleep, disrupted eating patterns, and low physical activity. In such conditions, cortisol levels can remain elevated for much longer. This contributes to the accumulation of visceral fat around internal organs.

Coffee on an Empty Stomach and Overeating

Many people drink coffee on an empty stomach or replace a full breakfast with it. After a temporary decrease in appetite, a strong feeling of hunger often arises. This leads to overeating and the consumption of high-calorie foods.

Factors Contributing to “Coffee Belly”
Factor Effect
Caffeine + chronic stress Prolonged cortisol elevation, visceral fat accumulation
Coffee on an empty stomach Appetite suppression, followed by strong hunger and overeating
Coffee drinks with additives Lattes, raf, mocha contain hundreds of calories per serving
Lack of sleep Enhanced stress response, metabolic disruption
Low physical activity Slowed metabolism, fat accumulation

Coffee Drinks with Additives: Hidden Calories

Coffee drinks with additives play a separate role. Lattes, raf, mocha, and other drinks with cream, syrups, and sugar can contain several hundred kilocalories in a single serving. In this case, the cause of weight gain is the additional ingredients, not the coffee itself.

Doctor’s Recommendations

The doctor recommends that people experiencing weight gain first pay attention to their lifestyle, sleep patterns, diet, and physical activity. In the absence of contraindications, consuming 3-4 cups of coffee per day is considered safe for most adults.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does “coffee belly” actually exist?Coffee itself does not cause fat deposits. “Coffee belly” is a myth. Weight gain is related to lifestyle, stress, and coffee additives.

How does caffeine affect cortisol?Caffeine temporarily raises cortisol levels. This is a normal reaction for healthy individuals. Hormone levels quickly return to normal.

When can coffee contribute to weight gain?When combined with chronic stress, lack of sleep, disrupted eating patterns, and low physical activity. Also when drinking coffee on an empty stomach.

Why is coffee on an empty stomach harmful?It temporarily suppresses appetite but later causes strong hunger. This leads to overeating and consumption of high-calorie foods.

Which coffee drinks are most caloric?Lattes, raf, mocha, and other drinks with cream, syrups, and sugar. They can contain hundreds of calories per serving.

How much coffee is safe to drink?In the absence of contraindications, 3-4 cups of coffee per day are considered safe for most adults.

Coffee Linked to Lower Risk of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer in Large Study

Source: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology – Adapted by Qahwa World |
Author: Qahwa World |
Date: July 2, 2026

Coffee Linked to Lower Risk of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer in Large Study

Key Findings:

  • Study of over 354,000 UK Biobank participants followed for a median of 13 years.
  • Five or more cups of coffee daily linked to 32% lower risk of cirrhosis, 47% lower risk of liver cancer, and 42% lower risk of liver-related death.
  • The association followed a dose-response pattern: more coffee, lower risk.
  • Similar results for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, suggesting non-caffeine compounds play a protective role.
  • Adding sugar or sweeteners did not eliminate benefits but was linked to markers of liver inflammation and fibrosis.
  • Proteomic analysis identified 74 proteins associated with coffee intake and reduced fibrosis risk.

A large-scale study of over 354,000 participants from the UK Biobank has found that higher coffee consumption is associated with significantly lower risks of cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver-related death. The findings, published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, also identified MRI and blood protein changes that may help explain the biological mechanisms behind the association.

The study followed participants for a median of 13 years. Researchers assessed self-reported coffee consumption, including coffee type and whether participants added sugar or artificial sweeteners. They then examined how these habits were associated with new cases of liver disease, MRI measures of liver health in a subgroup of 28,961 patients, and blood protein profiles in 44,633 patients.

The Numbers: Striking Reductions in Risk

Compared with non-coffee drinkers, those who consumed five or more cups daily were:

  • 32% less likely to develop cirrhosis.
  • 47% less likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • 42% less likely to die from liver disease.

The association followed a dose-response pattern, with lower risks observed starting at one to two cups per day. Similar findings were observed for both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, suggesting that compounds other than caffeine may play a protective role.

Condition Risk Reduction (5+ cups/day)
Cirrhosis 32%
Hepatocellular Carcinoma 47%
Liver-Related Death 42%

Sugar and Sweeteners: Mixed Effects

Researchers also examined whether adding sugar or artificial sweeteners changed the association between coffee and liver health. Overall, patients who added sweeteners had similar reductions in the risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related death compared to those who drank unsweetened coffee. However, they had 1.36 times the odds of elevated iron-corrected T1, an MRI marker of liver inflammation and fibrosis, compared with patients who did not add sweeteners.

MRI Findings: Benefits Visible Before Symptoms Appear

MRI results suggested that higher coffee intake was associated with better liver health before liver disease became clinically apparent. Patients who drank at least five cups daily had less liver fat, lower liver iron levels, and lower odds of liver fibroinflammation than non-coffee drinkers. The findings were similar for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, further supporting the role of non-caffeine compounds in liver protection.

Proteomic Analysis: 74 Proteins Point to Potential Mechanisms

Proteomic analyses identified 74 proteins associated with both coffee intake and cirrhosis risk, suggesting biological pathways related to liver function, inflammation, fibrosis, and immune regulation. These findings may help explain coffee’s observed associations with better liver health and provide new mechanistic clues.

Expert Insight: Interview with Lead Researcher Dr. Hyunseok Kim

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology invited study author Dr. Hyunseok Kim of the Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center to comment on the implications of this work.

Q: Why does this study matter?
Dr. Kim: Coffee has long been associated with better liver health, but most previous studies focused only on clinical outcomes such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. Our study is unique because it integrates clinical outcomes with advanced MRI biomarkers and large-scale plasma proteomics in more than 350,000 UK Biobank participants. By combining these complementary approaches, we were able to show not only that coffee consumption is associated with lower risks of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related mortality, but also that it is linked to less liver fat, less fibroinflammation on MRI, and favorable biological pathways involved in fibrosis and inflammation. This provides stronger biological evidence supporting coffee as a simple lifestyle factor that may promote liver health.

Q: Was there a finding that surprised you?
Dr. Kim: Several findings stood out. First, we observed remarkably consistent associations across clinical outcomes, imaging biomarkers, and proteomic signatures, all pointing in the same direction. Second, both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee showed similar associations, suggesting that compounds other than caffeine likely contribute to the liver benefits. Finally, we were intrigued that coffee drinkers had lower levels of proteins involved in fibrosis, macrophage activation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, while proteins reflecting healthier liver synthetic function were higher. These findings offer new mechanistic clues that go beyond the epidemiologic associations reported previously.

Q: How might the findings influence clinical practice?
Dr. Kim: This study should not be interpreted as evidence that coffee is a treatment for chronic liver disease. However, for most patients without contraindications, moderate coffee consumption appears to be a safe, inexpensive, and potentially beneficial lifestyle habit that can complement other evidence-based interventions such as weight loss, alcohol abstinence, and management of metabolic risk factors. I hope these findings will give clinicians greater confidence when discussing dietary habits with patients and encourage further research into the biological mechanisms underlying coffee’s protective effects.

Limitations and Recommendations: A Simple Prevention Strategy

The authors noted several limitations, including self-reported coffee intake, the possibility of unmeasured confounding and reverse causation, a healthier MRI subgroup, and the predominantly European ancestry of the study population, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. They also noted that the blood protein findings require experimental studies to confirm the underlying biological mechanisms.

Nevertheless, the authors concluded that “higher coffee intake was associated with lower risks of cirrhosis, HCC, and liver-related mortality, as well as favorable MRI-based and proteomic profiles.” They added that the combined clinical, imaging, and molecular findings support coffee as “a simple, scalable strategy for liver disease prevention.”

Frequently Asked Questions About Coffee and Liver Health

Q: How many cups of coffee are needed to reduce liver disease risk?

A: The study showed benefits starting at one to two cups daily, with more pronounced effects at five or more cups per day.

Q: Does decaffeinated coffee offer the same benefits?

A: Yes. Similar associations were observed for both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, suggesting non-caffeine compounds play a protective role.

Q: Does adding sugar negate coffee’s benefits?

A: Adding sugar or sweeteners did not eliminate the main benefits but was linked to markers of liver inflammation and fibrosis, so excessive additions should be avoided.

Q: Can coffee be considered a treatment for liver disease?

A: No. The study does not prove that coffee is a treatment. However, moderate consumption may be a beneficial complement to standard interventions.

Q: What biological mechanisms might explain coffee’s protective effects?

A: The study identified 74 proteins linked to reduced inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting multiple biological pathways may explain the benefits.

This study adds to the growing evidence on coffee’s potential health benefits, particularly for liver health. With risk reductions of up to 47%, coffee emerges as a simple, accessible tool for preventing chronic liver disease. However, further experimental studies are needed to confirm the biological mechanisms and determine optimal intake. In the meantime, coffee lovers can continue to enjoy their favorite beverage with greater awareness of its potential benefits.

Prepared and edited by: Qahwa World – Based on the study published in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology on July 1, 2026.

Original source: Doug Brunk – Medical Report.

All rights reserved. Republication with attribution permitted.

Publication date: July 2, 2026

Italian-Style Coffee Linked to Lower Risk of Common Liver Disease

Dubai – Qahwa World

A recent Italian study published on 19 March 2026 in a scientific journal has found an association between traditional Italian-style coffee consumption and a reduced risk of metabolically dysfunctional-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

The research was conducted by scientists at the National Institute of Gastroenterology in Bari, Italy, and focused specifically on coffee prepared using traditional Italian methods such as espresso and moka, which rely on pressure extraction.

MASLD is currently one of the most widespread chronic liver diseases globally, affecting more than 30% of adults. It is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, and can progress to more severe liver conditions, including cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The study analyzed data from a long-term research project in Southern Italy. A total of 1,079 coffee-drinking participants were included in the final analysis. Liver conditions were assessed using ultrasound examinations, while coffee consumption was evaluated through a validated dietary questionnaire.

The findings showed that, after adjusting for various health and lifestyle factors, higher coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of MASLD. The risk was 52.1% lower among those who consumed one cup per day, 53.2% lower for two cups, and 55.1% lower for three cups. The greatest reduction, 59.3%, was observed among individuals who consumed four to six cups daily.

In addition, each extra cup of coffee per day was associated with an approximate 15.7% reduction in risk.

Researchers attributed these findings to the high levels of bioactive compounds retained in Italian-style coffee, particularly in unfiltered preparations. These include chlorogenic acids, diterpenes, trigonelline, and melanoidins, which are believed to play a role in reducing inflammation, improving insulin sensitivity, and limiting fat accumulation in the liver.

Despite the findings, the researchers emphasized that the study is observational and does not establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship. Coffee consumption was also self-reported by participants.

The study noted that coffee is a central part of daily life in Italy, with most consumers preferring espresso or moka preparation methods.

According to European health guidance, up to 400 mg of caffeine per day is considered safe for healthy adults, though certain groups such as pregnant women or individuals sensitive to caffeine are advised to limit intake.

The study concludes that moderate consumption of Italian-style coffee may be associated with potential liver health benefits, while further research is needed to confirm these findings.

6 Foods You Should Avoid Eating With Coffee

Dubai – Qahwa World

Coffee is a staple in many people’s daily routines, but what you pair with your cup can significantly impact your digestion and nutrient absorption. While it might seem harmless to enjoy coffee with any meal or snack, certain foods can interfere with your body’s ability to absorb key nutrients or even cause stomach discomfort. Here’s a breakdown of six foods that experts recommend keeping separate from your coffee.

  • 1. Citrus Fruits

Citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits, are highly acidic. Drinking coffee alongside these fruits can exacerbate acid-related digestive issues, potentially leading to bloating, heartburn, or nausea. The combination of coffee’s natural acidity and the sharp tang of citrus may also make the beverage taste bitter and less enjoyable.

  • 2. Red Meat

Red meats like beef, pork, and lamb are rich in heme iron, which is crucial for blood health, hormone production, and immune function. Coffee can inhibit the absorption of this iron, reducing the nutritional benefit of a steak or other red meat dishes. To maximize iron intake, it’s best to enjoy coffee separately from meals centered around red meat.

  • 3. Milk and Dairy

Milk is a primary source of calcium, essential for strong bones, muscle function, and blood clotting. However, combining milk with coffee can reduce how much calcium your body absorbs. Over time, this may contribute to deficiencies or increase the risk of kidney stones. Those who prefer milk in their coffee should ensure they get adequate calcium from other meals or snacks throughout the day.

  • 4. Fried Foods

Fried foods, from french fries to fried chicken, are already linked to higher levels of unhealthy cholesterol. Drinking multiple cups of coffee daily while consuming fried foods may further increase the risk of dyslipidemia, a condition characterized by abnormal blood fat levels. For better heart health, it’s wise to limit fried foods when drinking coffee regularly.

  • 5. Fortified Breakfast Cereals

Many breakfast cereals are fortified with minerals such as zinc, which is important for immune function and overall health. Coffee can interfere with zinc absorption, meaning your morning cereal may not provide its full nutritional benefit if consumed alongside coffee. Separating coffee from fortified cereals is recommended to optimize nutrient uptake.

  • 6. High-Sodium Foods

Coffee contains compounds that can influence blood pressure. While moderate coffee consumption is generally safe, excessive caffeine paired with foods high in sodium can increase the risk of hypertension. It’s important to monitor sodium intake and be mindful of pairing salty meals with your coffee habit.

  • Healthier Pairings With Coffee

Certain foods complement coffee and may even enhance its health benefits:

Bread: Eating whole-grain bread with coffee may help reduce visceral fat.

Nuts: Almonds and other nuts provide healthy fats and a satisfying crunch.

Berries: Fresh berries offer vitamins and antioxidants alongside coffee’s rich flavor.

Oatmeal: Rich in fiber, oatmeal can help regulate blood sugar and support sustained energy.

A balanced approach to meals and coffee can maximize both nutrition and enjoyment. Consulting a registered dietitian can help tailor your coffee habits to your individual dietary needs.

  • Tips for Coffee Consumption

Space coffee intake away from meals rich in iron, calcium, or zinc to avoid reduced absorption.

Limit caffeine to roughly 400 mg per day (about 4–5 cups) to prevent negative side effects.

The ideal time to drink coffee is in the morning or early afternoon to avoid disrupting sleep.

Individuals taking medications should consult their doctor regarding interactions with caffeine.

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Is Coffee Good for You?

A Comprehensive Expert Guide to Coffee and Health

Dubai – Qahwa World

Coffee is no longer viewed merely as a morning stimulant or a daily habit. Over the past two decades, it has become one of the most extensively studied beverages in nutritional science. A growing body of research now suggests that coffee—when consumed thoughtfully—may be one of the most beneficial drinks for long-term health.

According to leading researchers in nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard University, the scientific evidence supporting coffee’s health benefits is stronger today than ever before.

This guide examines coffee through both a scientific and professional coffee expert lens: what it contains, how it affects the body, when it helps, when it harms, and how to get the most benefit from every cup.

  • What Is Actually in Coffee?

Coffee beans are among the most chemically complex foods humans consume. They contain more than one thousand biologically active compounds that interact with multiple systems in the body.

1. Caffeine

A natural stimulant of the central nervous system

Improves alertness, concentration, and reaction time

Reduces perceived fatigue by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain

Slightly increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation

2. Antioxidant Plant Compounds

Reduce chronic inflammation

Improve insulin sensitivity

Support gut health and beneficial bacteria

Protect cells from oxidative stress and damage

3. Natural Acids That Regulate Blood Sugar

Slow glucose absorption after meals

Improve blood sugar stability

Associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes

  • 4. Natural Coffee Lipids

Found mainly in unfiltered coffee

Can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol when consumed excessively

Also show protective effects against certain cancers when intake is moderate

  • Proven Health Benefits of Coffee

Brain and Nervous System Health

Regular coffee consumption has been associated with:

A lower risk of Parkinson’s disease

Reduced cognitive decline with aging

Improved mood and lower rates of mild to moderate depression

Heart and Blood Vessel Health

Moderate coffee intake is linked to:

A lower risk of cardiovascular disease

Reduced risk of stroke

The strongest benefits appear at one to three cups per day, without added sugar or heavy cream

Metabolism and Diabetes

Coffee contributes to:

A significantly lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Improved insulin response

Benefits observed even with decaffeinated coffee

Liver Health

Coffee is one of the most protective beverages for the liver:

Reduced risk of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis

Lower incidence of liver cancer

Improved liver enzyme levels

Longevity

Large population studies show that moderate coffee drinkers:

Have a lower overall risk of premature death

Experience the greatest benefits with consistent, moderate consumption

  • Decaffeinated Coffee: Is It Worth Drinking?

Yes. Decaffeinated coffee:

Retains most of coffee’s antioxidant and protective compounds

Is associated with lower risks of diabetes and heart disease

Is suitable for individuals sensitive to caffeine or prone to anxiety or sleep disorders

Contains only a very small fraction of the caffeine found in regular coffee

How Brewing Method Affects Health

Healthier Brewing Methods

Paper-filtered coffee

Slow manual filtration methods

These remove most of the cholesterol-raising compounds naturally present in coffee oils.

Methods That Require Moderation

Unfiltered coffee

Boiled coffee preparations

These contain higher levels of natural compounds that may raise LDL cholesterol if consumed in large amounts.

Concentrated coffee prepared under pressure is a special case: although unfiltered, the small serving size limits its impact on cholesterol for most people.

  • Ideal Amount and Timing

How Much Is Optimal?

Up to four moderate cups per day is considered safe for most adults

Even one cup daily provides measurable health benefits

Best Time to Drink Coffee

Morning through late morning

Drinking coffee late in the day may:

Suppress melatonin production

Disrupt circadian rhythms

Impair sleep quality

  • Additions: When Coffee Loses Its Benefits

Coffee’s health benefits decline sharply when:

Excess sugar is added

Large amounts of heavy cream are used

Artificial flavorings or syrups are included

Best options:

Black coffee

Coffee with a small amount of milk

Unsweetened alternatives

  • Coffee and Medications

Caffeine can interact with certain medications by:

Altering how quickly they are absorbed or metabolized

Reducing the effectiveness of some drugs

Medications that may be affected include:

Certain antibiotics

Heart medications

Asthma treatments

Some antidepressants

Individuals taking daily medications should consult a healthcare professional about coffee consumption.

  • Final Expert Summary

Coffee is not merely a stimulant—it is a functional beverage with measurable benefits for brain health, metabolism, cardiovascular health, liver function, and longevity when consumed wisely.

Moderation, proper brewing methods, minimal additives, and mindful timing are the keys to turning coffee into a daily health-supporting habit.

High-quality coffee, prepared correctly and consumed at the right time, can be an investment in long-term health rather than a guilty pleasure.

Nutritionist: Genes Determine How Coffee Affects the Body

Dubai – Qahwa World

Coffee has become an essential part of the morning routine for millions of people around the world, yet its effects on the body are not the same for everyone. According to nutritionist and specialist in natural health methods Janna Tikhanycheva, the way coffee influences the body depends largely on genetic factors, lifestyle, and consumption levels.

The expert explained that the body’s ability to absorb and process caffeine is linked to a gene known as CYP1A2. Some people carry versions of this gene that slow down caffeine metabolism, making them more sensitive to its effects. As a result, even a single cup can cause anxiety, insomnia, or an increased heart rate. For these individuals, Tikhanycheva recommends consuming coffee in moderation and remembering that caffeine is also present in tea, chocolate, and certain medications.

Coffee beans contain hundreds of compounds some beneficial, such as antioxidants, and others that may negatively impact the body. Moderate coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of neurodegenerative diseases and depression, as well as improved insulin sensitivity, which can help reduce the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.

However, excessive intake can have the opposite effect. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the brain, disrupting sleep quality, particularly when consumed in the afternoon or evening. It also stimulates the release of cortisol, the stress hormone, which over time can lead to fatigue and weakened adrenal function.

Tikhanycheva cautioned against drinking coffee on an empty stomach, as it can irritate the stomach lining and cause heartburn. She also noted that certain compounds in coffee reduce the absorption of iron, calcium, and magnesium.

“It’s important to remember that caffeine is not found only in coffee but also in black and green tea, cocoa, chocolate, and some medicines,” she emphasized, adding that monitoring total daily caffeine intake is essential.

Doctors have previously warned that coffee may be harmful to children and adolescents, as it can trigger anxiety attacks, suppress appetite, and cause stomach discomfort such as pain or acid reflux. Regular consumption may also increase the frequency of urination.

7 Scientifically Proven Tips to Make Your Daily Coffee Healthier

Dubai – Qahwa World

For millions, coffee is more than just a morning ritual—it’s the spark that starts the day. Yet few realize that the way coffee is brewed, sweetened, or even timed can make a big difference to one’s overall health. Drawing on scientific research and expert insights, here are seven proven ways to enjoy your coffee while maximizing its benefits and minimizing its drawbacks.

1. Keep the Sugar Minimal

Adding too much sugar can undermine coffee’s natural health advantages. Research suggests that limiting sweeteners to one small teaspoon per cup helps retain the drink’s antioxidant and heart-friendly effects.

2. Skip Artificial Sweeteners

While marketed as low-calorie options, artificial sweeteners may interfere with the body’s natural metabolism and gut health. Studies indicate they could reduce coffee’s beneficial impact on longevity and overall wellness.

3. Choose Natural Additions

Most commercial creamers are packed with vegetable oils and added sugars, which can raise cholesterol and contribute to weight gain. A healthier alternative? Use milk in moderation or add spices like cinnamon or cocoa powder for flavor without the extra calories.

4. Filter Your Coffee

Coffee brewed through a paper filter is generally healthier than unfiltered methods like the French press. Paper traps compounds known as diterpenes, which have been linked to increased cholesterol levels when consumed in excess.

5. Don’t Dismiss Instant or Decaf

Whether it’s ground, instant, or decaffeinated, coffee can still provide similar antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. The process used to produce instant coffee typically preserves most of the natural compounds that make coffee good for you.

6. Drink It Earlier in the Day

Caffeine affects the body’s internal clock. Studies show that drinking coffee before noon helps avoid sleep disruption and reduces inflammation associated with circadian rhythm disturbances. Late-night cups, by contrast, can suppress melatonin and affect sleep quality.

7. Let Coffee Work with Your Digestive System

Coffee naturally stimulates the digestive tract—a reaction known as the gastrocolic reflex. That’s why many people feel the urge to visit the restroom shortly after drinking it. Far from being harmful, this effect is part of a healthy digestive process.

Moderation, timing, and small adjustments can make your daily brew a powerful ally for well-being. By rethinking what you add to your cup—and when you drink it—coffee can remain both a pleasure and a healthy habit.

Disclaimer:

This article is intended for general information purposes only and should not replace medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding personal health concerns.

A nutrition expert recommends the best coffee sweeteners for a healthy and distinctive coffee experience

By Samantha Cassetty, RD

In moderation, there is room for coffee creamer in a healthy diet. Here are the 8 healthiest brands to reach for.

Coffee itself is a healthy beverage, but what you add to it might change that. And these days, there are more coffee creamers than ever before. Do you want sweetened or unsweetened? Flavored or plain? Dairy creamer or a plant-based alternative? With all these options, choosing the healthiest coffee creamer can be a difficult task. As a registered dietitian, I dissected dozens of coffee creamer labels to find the healthiest coffee creamers to add to your morning brew.

Is coffee creamer healthy?

In reality, most coffee creamers are heavily processed foods, and diets high in ultra-processed foods are associated with numerous health problems. Coffee creamers may also contain some mix of saturated fats and added sugars. Too much of either is also associated with health issues, so it’s helpful to limit these substances and choose coffee creamers with less added sugar and/or saturated fat.

While coffee creamers can fit within a healthy diet, keep in mind that the information on a food label is tied to a certain serving amount. For coffee creamers, that’s typically a tablespoon. If you stir more into your coffee, you could be getting unhealthy amounts of added sugar, saturated fat and other ingredients in your creamer. This is particularly true if you’re drinking several cups of coffee per day.

Coffee creamer ingredients

The ingredients in coffee creamers depend on which type of creamer you’re choosing. Dairy-based cream is the most natural coffee creamer, with nothing but real milk and cream. Dairy-based flavored creamers may contain milk, cream (or derivatives of them), oils, flavors, sweeteners (whether artificial or natural), preservatives, thickening agents and emulsifiers. Plant-based creamers contain some mix of a plant-based milk (such as almond, oat, or coconut milk or cream), gums to thicken and mimic dairy’s creamy texture, emulsifiers, flavors and sweeteners. Coffee creamer powders may contain dehydrated milk, plant-based milk or a derivative of these ingredients. They may also contain sugars, oils, flavors, sweeteners and other additives.

How to choose the healthiest coffee creamer

When shopping for coffee creamers, consider the saturated fat and added sugars and scan the ingredients for additives. Here are some guidelines used to create the list of healthiest coffee creamers:

  • No more than 2 grams of saturated fat.
  • No more than 4 grams added sugar (the amount in one teaspoon).
  • No carrageenan (a thickening agent that may be particularly harmful).
  • No artificial sweeteners.

No. 1 healthiest coffee creamer

Organic Valley Grassmilk Organic Half and Half

This creamer contains nothing but organic milk and cream from grass-fed cows. While other creamers may have various additives, this one has no added sugar, flavors, thickeners or emulsifiers. Plus, grass-fed milk contains more omega-3 fatty acids than conventional milk, making this a better choice than ordinary half and half.

Worth noting: Half and half has a fair amount of saturated fat, with 2 grams per 2-tablespoon serving. This can certainly fit within a nutritious and balanced diet, but if you use more than the suggested amount (in all the coffee you drink daily) or eat a diet that contains a lot of red meat and other full-fat dairy foods, you may be consuming an unhealthy amount of saturated fat.

Healthiest coffee creamers

  1. Organic Lavender Almond Creamer
  2. Natural Bliss Sweet Cream Flavored Coffee Creamer
  3. Elmhurst Pistachio Creme Oat Creamer
  4. Nutpods Almond and Coconut Creamer
  5. Laird Superfood Tumeric Coffee Creamer
  6. Oatly Sweet & Creamy Oatmilk Creamer
  7. Silk Sweet Oat Latte Oat Creamer

Is coffee creamer powder healthy?

Traditional powdered coffee creamer is a blend of unhealthy ingredients, including corn syrup solids and hydrogenated vegetable oils. If you’re stuck somewhere, like a plane or hotel room, and it’s the only thing you can get your hands on, I wouldn’t worry about it, but I wouldn’t make it a daily habit. Several newer coffee creamers on the market are made with powder derived from coconut milk or cream. These tend to have fewer unhealthy ingredients, but because of their coconut origins, they can contain more than our cap of 2 grams of saturated fat per serving. I found several products that had natural ingredient lists and a reasonable amount of added sugar, but contained more than our upper target for saturated fat, so they were excluded for this reason.

Is non-dairy coffee creamer better for you?

Unfortunately, there isn’t a straightforward answer to this question. Non-dairy creamers may have less saturated fat than traditional half-and-half, but they also tend to have more added sugar and other food additives.

Healthy coffee creamer alternatives

In reality, it’s healthiest to lighten your coffee with low- or reduced-fat milk or unsweetened plant-based milk made with no or few additives. These options avoid or limit unwanted substances, like additives, added sugar and saturated fat. If you love flavored creamers, try adding a sprinkle of cinnamon, unsweetened cocoa or cacao powder or pumpkin pie spice. You can also add a splash of vanilla extract. These additions will trick your tastebuds into thinking you’re having something sweet without adding any sweeteners.

Healthy homemade coffee creamer

If you want to make coffee creamer at home, try this simple idea: Blend ¼ cup hemp seeds, ¼ cup milk, a splash of vanilla extract, and some cinnamon together in a blender. This recipe makes four servings. You can store it in the fridge for up to five days. The mixture may thicken when stored, but you can thin it with some warm water to your desired consistency before stirring it into coffee. Hemp seeds are rich in healthful fats, including the plant-based omega-3 ALA. You can also feel good about the fact that it contains no added sugar and no saturated fat.

Takeaways

There are a lot of coffee creamers on the market and some are healthier than others. In general, it’s healthiest to limit saturated fat and added sugars — substances that may be high in creamers. It’s also a good idea to limit food additives, which are present in heavily processed foods, like plant-based coffee creamers. That’s why the healthiest way to lighten your coffee is plain, low- or reduced-fat milk or unsweetened plant-based milk with the fewest additives. However, if these options don’t provide the creaminess you’re looking for, our list of healthiest creamers is a great guide.